Ford and other companies say the industry overestimated the arrival of autonomous vehicles, which still struggle to anticipate what other drivers and pedestrians will do.

Key findings

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Many in the industry attribute the delay to something as obvious as it is stubborn: human behavior.

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China, which has the world’s largest auto market and is investing heavily in electric vehicles, is trailing in development of self-driving cars, analysts say.

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Equally challenging is teaching self-driving cars the finer points of driving, sometimes known as “micro maneuvers.” The technology is available now to create a car that won’t hit anything. But such a car would constantly slam on the brakes.

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