"This research shows that public transportation (in its current form) will only remain economically competitive where demand can be bundled to larger units. In particular, this applies to dense urban areas, where public transportation can be offered at lower prices than autonomous taxis (even if pooled) and private cars. Wherever substantial bundling is not possible, shared and pooled vehicles serve travel demand more efficiently."

Key findings

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"Vehicle automation drastically changes cost structures of the different services."

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Private vehicles today remain to be the most cost-effective immediate option for people and therefore one of the most desirable.

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"If driver wage is no longer part of the cost structure, it might be worthwhile to operate buses with smaller capacities and higher frequencies." This would likely effect mileage costs and demands for transit.

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